The Global Exploration by the European Assignment

The Global Exploration by the European - Assignment caseTo this end, factors that motivated Europeans to seek globally were primarily wealth, religious license or supremacy, and fame or glory (Newitt 2005, 1402).Explorers who found gold would bring trade and material introduce to themselves and their countries. The wealth resulting from this was equated to power, which became a great motivation to explore. Others decided to move to new-fangled regions where they could earn a living in friendlier environments. For example, groups of European settlers migrated from the Holland plantations to America where they intended to outgrowth farming and better lifestyles. Religion was an otherwise factor, whereby the smaller ones in Europe were looked down upon. When members of the smaller religious groups got news of newfound territories, they began moving out to explore the possibility of spreading their religion, getting new followers and gaining supremacy over others. Finally, many expl orers were motivated by fame and glory. Kings and queens paid them to discover, map and name new land, hoping to be remembered by it. In conclusion, the three factors that motivated Europeans to explore globally can be summarized as wealth, religion and fame (Newitt 2005, 1409).Absolutism is where the sovereignty of a terra firma is embodied exclusively in the absolute kings or rulers person and not an assembly or nobles. Constitutionalism, on the other hand, limits government by law, implying a balance between the governments authority and the subjects rights. Whether written or not, the constitution governs the nation according to its provisions and protects the freedom of the subjects. The development of absolutism and constitutionalism can be compared and contrasted from the perspective of England, and France (Aboukhadijeh 2013).

Elements influencing Robustness of the research Essay

Elements influencing Robustness of the research - Essay ExampleThese were the elements influencing the robustness of the research thus, are critiqued in concert with the elements influencing the believability of the research. In the study of Stark, Craig and Miller in 2011, the target population has been clearly identified and consisted of 10 healthy Caucasian females aged 21 to 39 years, who were not pregnant or lactating, and did not use tobacco or caffeine within 2 hours of testing (76). Samples were selected by placing flyers around the university and by script of mouth. The type of sampling is non-probability in nature, particularly convenience sampling because the researchers utilize the most conveniently available people as study participants. The inclusion and elimination criteria were clearly identified as the study involved maternal choice, hick gestation of at least 37 weeks and no more than 41 weeks, and uncomplicated labor as inclusion criteria while exclusion crite ria included mobility problems that limit entrance and exit from the shower. The author believed that the sample size is too small and not adequate enough to produce accurate and representative samples. Ethical considerations were also included in the study. Ethical permission was granted for the study by the universitys institutional review board. ... Concepts such as showering, pain, labor, and suffering are were clearly defined, as well as the terms and theory. Researchers ensured that reader understands what is meant by the terms, concepts, and theory used in the study. In the methodology section, four areas were critiqued research design, data collection, instrument design, and validity and reliability. The research design has not been clearly identified but found on the description, it is experimental in nature due to utilization of an intervention design with pilot testing. Data collection includes observation of physiologic variables during showering. It was appropriate and clearly described. Instrument design includes single-group, repeated-measures design to test the intervention with non-pregnant women of childbearing age and to allow frequent evaluation of participants before, during, and after a therapeutic shower. Results were discussed. As verbalize earlier, there was a pilot study undertaken. Reliability and validity testing are not mentioned in the study. Qualitative Study The qualitative study authorize Suicide Notes among Native Americans, Hispanics and Anglos by Olson, Wahab, Thompson and Durrant (2011) was critiqued in terms of sample and ethical considerations. Just like critiquing a quantitative study, sample and ethical considerations are some(prenominal) of the elements influencing robustness of the study. The sampling method and sample size have been identified. A maximum variation sampling was used as sampling method to canvass the differences and similarities in suicide notes among Native Americans, Hispanics and Anglos. A tota l of 69 suicide notes as sample size were included in the study. Although sample size was small, this is not

I will discuss about the problem of over population and STDs and Essay

I will discuss about the problem of over population and STDs and propose solution such as utilise condoms that should help deal - Essay ExampleWith the opposing viewpoints of pro-life and pro-choice though, there is a glaring promise with portion education and the use of barrier contraceptives. Why direct? Illiteracy causes people to take things for granted. People do not understand how overpopulation can be perilous to human survival in terms of the contender for food and resources. With that, family planning programs fail to penetrate the societys outlook and the excessive rise of human population results from irresponsible parenthood and unwanted pregnancies. Furthermore, without appropriate education, STD cases continue to rise significantly especially among the young adult population worldwide. Sex education varies widely across nations. Some countries start to introduce topics of predilection as early as 7 years old, while few countries still debate on the extent of how m uch is to be taught considering its ethical position to their culture and religion. Contraception, for instance, faced great controversy and garnered criticisms as to its moral and ethical impact. Debates usually arise when the use of contraceptives is taken into consideration. One online article by Kelly Shircliff strongly points out that contraceptives are anti- life. ... Unlike abortion, barrier methods need not be tagged with an ethical dilemma since any union of sperm and egg cell does not occur. And unlike anti- ovulant drugs, condoms do not interfere with the bodys natural processes. Furthermore, the use of condoms prevents transmission of infection by preventing actual contact with secretions in the reproductive tract of both partners. In fact, in an interview by Peter Seewald, Pope Benedict XVI said that there may be a basis in the case of some individuals, as perhaps when a male prostitute uses a condom Simply speaking, the pope himself considers using condom as a prote ction against the evil of HIV infection. Undeniably, this pressing issue cannot be solved by hypocrisy. Meanwhile, according to the Center for disorder Control, reportable sexually contracted infections affect more than 15 million Americans per year and account for almost one third of the reproductive mortality in the United States. This is ultimately alarming since the countrys manpower is affected which in turn impairs development. In addition, the total cost of health care on STD cases reaches from $9.3B to $15.5B in mid 1990s (Chesson et. al. 11). Spending this huge amount of money could have been prevented had the government took effective preventive measures, that is, by promoting the use of condoms. While outline the proposal, the government may face the criticisms of the conservative, religious and political parties of the society. Taking it in positive perspective, a feasible and acceptable policy will likely be formulated. First, condoms must be made readily available an d less expensive to target consumers. The government may purchase condoms from manufacturing companies and in turn sell it

Protein Energy Malnutrition Essay Example for Free

Protein Energy Malnutrition EssayThe articles subject concerns the protein deficiency among infants in the Osun state of Nigeria. Nursing frequence and duration experienced a reduction during completing food were introduced to infants in Osun. Mothers tend to be complacent in feeding their babies with complementary food, which result to the minimize breast-feeding of mothers that hinders the natural nutrition that these infants need. In a study conducted among Osun infants, they discovered that it was not a advisable for children at this age to be fed by much(prenominal) synthetic food. Consumption of such tends to halt the natural nourishment the babies need from their mothers. As early as two years old, babies were exposed already to complementary food, which is against the requirement of the World Health Organization (Ogunba, 2004).According to WHO, the amount of protein and calories (energy) that were consumed by infants were not above standard levels because these foods contain excess amount of carbohydrates alone (Ogunba, 2004). Obviously, the nutritionary requirement of an infant is not met due to the outcome of early supplementation of these synthetic food. Infants natural diet should require constant breast-feeding in which they are enable to consume protein from milk. Unfortunately, this apt nutritional nourishment is ignored by the mothers in Osun (Ogunba, 2004). In a study conducted among Osun infants, protein energy malnutrition was discovered that it was in constant depletion. The want of protein among the infants resulted to stunting. Stunting has a significant presence in the rural areas, which is an indication of chronic under-nutrition in these areas (Ogunba, 2004). It was discovered that stunting was among the culprits of infant growth faltering, as a result from the consumption of complementary food, children from one to six months of age were experiencing a decrease in growth and health progress (Ogunba, 2004).Stunting is the to the highest degree prevalent of the different manifestations of PEM (33.9 per cent), followed by under weight down (21.0 per cent) and wasting (9.2 per cent) (Ogunba, 2004). Children need protein more than adults do because they are constantly growing and developing. The protein requirement of infants is per unit of body weight higher than those of adults.ReferenceOgunba,B. (2004). Protein energy malnutrition in complemented breast-fed babies implications of the timing of complementary feeding. Nutrition Food Science. Retrieved February 10, 2008, from http//swtuopproxy.museglobal.com/MuseSessionID=af57a678251afeca8c38cca61826cae/ MuseHost=www.emeraldinsight.com/MusePath/Insight/ViewContentServlet? Filename=Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Articles/0170340504.html

The world during rizal time Essay Example for Free

The world during rizal time EssayThe purpose of this regulation is to set apart the principles for actions of the board of directors, the basic rules of its organisation and functioning and the rules of conduct for its members. The regulation seeks to achieve the greatest transparency, effectiveness, motivation, supervision and control regarding the boards functions of management and representation of the corporate interests, in treaty with the principles and recommendations regarding corporate governance of listed companies. Download Internal Rules of Conduct in the Securities MarketThese rules of conduct for securities market activities (hereinafter, the Rules) have been approved pursuant to article 80. 2 of honor 24/1988 of 28 July on the Securities Market. In compliance with the provisions of said Law, these Rules will be sent to the National Securities Market Commission (hereinafter, CNMW)

Viruses And Antivirus Computer Science Essay

computer viruses And Anti virus Computer Science EssayIn this report, you will find the important things that needed ab unwrap viruses and antivirus. It covers the different fount of viruses. For instance, file viruses and macro virus. These can affect any organization data. Furthermore, it covered the history of viruses, how do viruses spread? and latest viruses prevalent in the world .The information processing systems cyberspace has become very wide interconnecting to any part in the global. on that pointfore, any networks connected to the Internet and without any security infrastructure becomes vulnerable to any attack from tidy sum who attempt to damage them by sending viruses. Computer computer virus is sm totally softw atomic number 18 designs that can infect or attack a data processor and networks by making copies of itself or by executing , replicate itself without knowledge .It is called Computer Virus because it shares some of the features of biological viruses .Th e dangers of this virus that it can be alteration or deletion data and attach itself by using software, documents and files to access in your electronic computer. It creates a shell out of problemsThe Creeper virus was first detected on ARPANET, the fore rovener of the Internet in the early 1970s. Creeper was an experimental self-replicating course written by Bob Thomas at BBN in 1971. Creeper use the ARPANET to infect DEC PDP-10 computers running the TENEX operate system. Creeper gained access via the ARPANET and copied itself to the remote system where the message, Im the creeper, catch me if you can was displayed. The Reaper program was created to delete Creeper. A program called Rother J was the first computer virus to appear in the wild that is, outside the single computer or lab where it was created.citation needed Written in 1981 by Richard Skrenta, it attached itself to the Apple DOS 3.3 operating system and spread via floppy disk.6 This virus was created as a practic al joke when Richard Skrenta was still in mellow school. It was injected in a game on a floppy disk. On its 50th use the Elk Cloner virus would be activated, infecting the computer and displaying a perfectly poem beginning Elk Cloner The program with a personality. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_virusHistoryThe first computer virus called Brain which created by two brothers who were running a computer store in Pakistan in 1986. They weaned a program that could spread form PC to another. Brain was harm slight because it doesnt delete the files in the computer and move on . In addition it is too easy to be discovered by the septic users by noticing the changed volume label .After Brain, there were more other viruses developed much(prenominal) as Cascade, Alameda , Jerusalem and Lehigh . These viruses were more dangerous than Brain because they were able to infect .COM and .EXE files while Brain can infect the rosiness sector .In 1992, the first virus came to infect docume nts and spreadsheets throughout Microsoft Office which is called Macro virus . The Macro is a group of user commands that can be stored and run to gather . It can infect Microsoft Word or Excel on a PC and also spread to another operation system such as Macintosh. It can be also repetitive tasks within one application, and it is very speeded to share documents surrounded by users .When the network became more heap utilize this is a technology and also became more advanced but unfortunately , it is also helping these viruses to spread more and infect more users are used the internet through the emails such as Melisse virus . The Melisse virus is one of the document viruses that forward itself by emails. It is used the Outlook program to send an e-mail concomitant such as Microsoft Word document to anyone . After that lots of viruses are spreading through emails in the world such as Love twit , Love Letter, I Love You etc.3.0. Type of virusesRecently, most of the viruses are inc reased through the internet. People who create them, they may attached viruses to email and leave them everywhere. There are more than one virus that can replicate itself and destroy data or computer. They are different in shape and functionality. under are the type of virusBoot Virus This type of virus can infect floppy disk. Also, it infect put forward records or master boot records in computer hard disks. Examples of boot viruses include Disk Killer and Stone virus.Program viruses These kind of viruses infect executable program files running in the computer such extensions like (.BIN , .COM , .EXE and .SYS) files. Example of program viruses Sunday and Cascade.FAT Virus This virus attack section of the hard disc where essential files are stored and it can be deleting files system.Parasitic Viruses or File viruses When you first run a program infected with a Parasitic virus, the virus is started first. The computer operating system sees the virus as part of the program you runni ng and gives the virus the same right as the program. This right let the virus to copy itself.Macro virus This virus attack Microsoft Word documents. It is easily increase for any PC just by email. Example of macro viruses Relax, Melissa.A and Bablas.Worm it is a program similar to a virus. It is able to replicate itself and deployed across the computer network. Examples of worms include PSWBugbear.B, Lovgate.F, Trile.C, Sobig.D, Mapson.4.0 How Do Viruses Spread?Computer viruses are programs that must be triggered or someways executed before they can infect your computer system and spread to others. Examples include opening a document infected with a macro virus, booting with a diskette infected with a boot sector virus, or double-clicking on an infected program file. Viruses can then be spread by communion infected files on a diskette, network drive, or other media, by exchanging infected files over the Internet via e-mail attachments, or by downloading questionable files from the Internet.http//www.hawaii.edu/itsdocs/gen/virus/Spread5.0 Latest viruses 6.0 Anti-virus softwareAnti-virus Software is a program installed onto your computer. It helps protect your computer from viruses and also can skim over, detect and remove the viruses. It is supported by firewall software (which protects against hackers and some viruses) and can do several functions to protect your computer from viruses such as It protects against Viruses ,Spyware , Trojan horses and Warms. It protects against web based attacks and latest threats. It helps secure and monitory your network. It prevents others from winning control of your computer and using it to attack other computers . And there are other functions etc .7.0 Best antivirus prevalent in the world McAfee Antivirus . ESET NOD32 Antivirus . Norton 360 . Avira Antivirus . Kaspersky Internet Security . AVG Antivirus . class micro Antivirus .Note You can see the classification of the ten best anti-virus programs in 2009 by http//a nti-virus-software-review.toptenreviews.com/8.0 Prevention of virus infection1- Check all the disks( CDs,HDD,Floppyetc) that were used in other PCs before using them.2- Non-implementation of any program is taken from public networks such as the Internet before the examination.3- The use of original software, or licensed.4- Use a password to prevent hackers to access in your PC or copy important data .5- To keep multiple succor copies of all your files before installing any new programs.6- Processing computer with an anti-virus and always updated to ensure that detect new viruses.7- Always updated operating system and support it by the windows defender .8- Do not open any Email does not know the sender .9.0 Literature ReviewThere are a lot of researchers have written somewhat computer virus and antivirus 1- Ferbrache, David. Pathology of Computer Viruses. Germany Springer-Verlag, 1992.Fites, Philip, Peter Johnston, and Martin Kratz. The Computer Virus Crisis. New York Van Nostrand Reinhold 1992.http//www.answers.com/topic/computer-virus2- See F. B. Cohen, A bunco Course on Computer Viruses (2d ed. 1994) G. Smith, The Virus Creation Labs A Journey into the Underground (1994) W. T. Polk et al., Anti-Virus Tools and Techniques for Computer Systems (1995) M. A. Ludwig. The Giant Black Book of Computer Viruses (2d ed. 1998) P. E. Fites, P. Johnston, and M. P. J. Kratz, The Computer Virus Crisis (1999).http//www.answers.com/topic/computer-virus3- Naming and Classifying Computer Viruses in 1996 by David B. Hull, Ph.D.http//home.earthlink.net/colobus/vclassif.htm4- Open Problems in Computer Virus ResearchSteve R. WhiteIBM Thomas J. Watson Research midpointYorktown Heights, NYUSAPresented at Virus Bulletin Conference, Munich, Germany, October 1998http//www.research.ibm.com/antivirus/SciPapers/White/Problems/Problems.html5- A history of computer viruses IntroductionHarold Joseph Highland FICS, FACM, Editor-in-Chief EmeritusAvailable online 10 June 1998.http//www. ap prehensiondirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V8G-3SX269W-2P_user=10_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_searchStrId=1130622556_rerunOrigin=google_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=21efd2423b0eb4ebd32af5040db0252e10.0 Methodology10.1 The questionnaireThe questionnaire for this survey was making to find out about virus and antivirus . Usually it is distributed among the large number of people to know to find out the result and their attitude on the virus and antivirus .There were 13 questions were printed and distributed for people to know what they think about virus and antivirus .10.2 FindingThis questionnaire contains a series of questions about the virus and antivirus .I asked public of people and taking their views on this subject. So, I found the following results1- Do you have any idea about Computer Virus?All the public of people knew very well what is the computer virus? Around 100% have the idea about computer virus.2- Is your PC infected b y virus ?Most of the people their computers infected by the virus .3- Do you build up backup copies of your files ?The majority of the people are doing backup copies between monthly and other days .Furthermore, there is less of people doing backup copies through daily or never doing .4- Which is antivirus do you use ?Around 33.37% of the people are using McAfee antivirus and the same percentage using another antivirus .In addition,26.65 % their using Kaspersk Internet Security and 6.61% using ESET NOD32 .5- Do you buy the original anti-virus?Around 80% of the people are buying the original copy of antivirus and unfortunately , percentage of the remaining people are buying non-licensed versions.6- How often do you update your anti-virus ?There are high percentages in terms of update antivirus between daily and weekly. On other hands , around 20% of people are updated antivirus .7- Do you perform virus scan for the CD or fool away disc before you use it?Most people perform virus sca n for the CD or Flash disc before use it in computers and About 13% of people ignore virus scan for the CD or Flash disc .8- Do you use the Internet service daily ?There is a large percentage of people use the Internet service on a daily and depend on it.9- Are you protecting your files by using a password ?54% protecting files by using a password and less percentage not protecting files .10- Do you take aim any virus while you read any Email?53% of people infected through the virus while read Email .11- Would you like to create viruses?Most people do not tend to create viruses and less than 27% of people tend to create viruses .12- Do you think that antivirus companies create computer viruses?It was found that 73% of the people think antivirus companies are created computer viruses because get to a lot of money through buy antivirus and using it to protect their files from a virus .13- Would you like to use more than one anti-virus in your PC?It was found that 93% of the people do not want to use more than one antivirus in the same PC because make delay for carrying into action PC and reduce of speed .11.0 ConclusionsThis report discussed about Virus an Antivirus . I gathered information through Internet ,some books and my colleagues. According to the survey, I Found that the viruses wrick and spread very quickly, but peoples awareness and knowledge of the risk of viruses make them eager to stop the spread of viruses through using antivirus software and making backup copies of the files .Furthermore, Using security programs such as firewall or windows defiance are helping to protect your computer from viruses .In addition, this report covered the types of viruses and dangerous on the PC. Every day more and more viruses, but in the end is getting rid of them.12.0 RecommendationsI recommend all to use antivirus software and make updating on the daily through an internet. Moreover, do not open any Email does not know the sender and perform virus scan for CD o r Flash memory before use it in your computer. And also to be safe, use the original copy of your software.13.0 Bibliography

Impact Of Media On Global Social Movements Politics Essay

Imp sour Of Media On Global Social Movements Politics experimentIn this paper my aim would be to bring forth various views and theories of kind trends and explore the evolution of global aff satisfactory drives in the recent past. In the later part of my paper I would be discussing the routine of survey media in global fond vogues and would similarly include the concept of advanced media and present-day(a) affectionate networks in the cyber space and their imp work on on global fond movements. But first I would like to start with a few definitions and views on global kind movements by eminent scholars and intellectuals.SOCIAL MOVEMENTSThe term hearty movements was introduced in 1850 by the German SociologistLorenz von Steinin his book History of the cut Social Movement from 1789 to the Present. Since then, the term has taken divers(prenominal) centers and interpretations. Charles Tillydefines kindly movements as, a series of agonistic per kindances, displays and endeavours by which ordinary batch make corporal claims on others1.For Tilly, social movements are a major vehicle for ordinary pileess participation in earthly concern politics. Sidney Tarrowdefines a social movement as, collective ch bothenges to selecteds, authorities, other groups or cultural codes by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained interactions with elites, opp adeptnts and authorities2. Scholars like Escobar see social movements as sources of alternatives, hopes and theories of how the world smoke be made differently3. Bourdieus argument on social movements is that, its non the market, as its tried to make us believe today, but the social movement, which has civilized the market thriftiness magical spell largely contributing to its efficacy4. Touraine, on the other hand, contends that social movements are not positive or negative agents of history, of modernization, or of the liberalization of mankind. They act in a given type of social produc tion and organization5. His views differ from the romanticisers of social movements and from those who define a social action mainly in terms of effectiveness in bringing rough social change or resistance, to varying degrees, like McAdam and Snow6. Social movements are overly seen as organizational and political opportunities by well-nigh and as effects as well as results of power structures, class struggles and identity politics by others. rough like Rucht find the value by combining them and arguing that a social movement exists to the extent that the following qualities are co-present In structural terms, social movements are networks of groups and/or organizations regarding their aims, they are attempts to fundament bothy change society (including power structures and basic values) or to resist such changes7.Global social movements have increase in recent years some of these movements contest not only the actual nature and consequences of current global socioeconomic relat ions but likewise the very foundation governing them. One of the reasons may be the global economic and technological integration which has consistently been disarming the traditional welfare locomote of the state and in turn generating increased misery, inequalities and conflicts. This has provided grounds for citizens and civil society groups of diverse origins to express their resentment and advance claims in increased numbers. There has been an frequentation and consolidation of global civil society which is believed to be bigger and wider, offering a positive response, even counterweight, to a peg notion that linked globalisation to economic transitiones alone. I would like to begin my discussion on GSMs with some theories relating to social movements.THEORIES OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTTypically, European social movement theorists tended to view contentious collective action through a Marxian lens, proffering structural analyses to varying degrees. However, a paradigm shift occu rred which delineated old social movement conjecture (class based) from saucily social movement theory (culture based). I would discuss some theories relating to social movements like collective behaviour theory, resource mobilisation theory, political process theory, social constructionist theory, new social movement theory and the networks theory.Collective Behaviour TheoryThis theory states that social movements differ a little from other group manifestations, such as panics, crowds and crazes. Generally, this theory advanced the notion that social movements were little more than the most well-organized and self-conscious part of an archipelago of emergent phenomena, ranging from fads and rumours, to collective enthusiasm, riots, movements and revolutions8. There have been different approaches to this theory. Beginning with Symbolic interactionism which is a variant of classic collective behaviour theory wherein creative agency triumphs over structural determination, and the cr eation and interpretation of meaning are the key. This poseur views collective behaviour as the spontaneous development of norms and organization that contest the status quo, and provoke psyche reactions to social disintegration, which then form into a general, collective response. Another version of collective behaviour theory parallels the overarching theoretical paradigm of structural-functionalism in an attempt to link broad, structural factors to specific make of collective behaviour unfolding in several inevitable stages like, structural conduciveness, structural strain, generalized beliefs that provide meaning and motivation and events or actions that catalyse collective behaviour physical mobilization of actors and the absence or suspension of social turn back9. The third approach identifies Relative deprivation as the motivating constrict behind collective action represents another variant of classic collective behaviour theory. In sum, this concept stipulates that a group decides to act collectively when people judge themselves as lacking certain resources in relation to another group.Resource Mobilization TheoryThe demise of the collective behaviour paradigm came about during the tumultuous 1960s with the advent of new social movements. According to McAdam10, theorizing social movements as a response to social strain was problematic in that it did not take the larger political context into consideration. In assigning causation of social movements to individual discontent, collective behaviour was considered abnormal and apolitical. Resource mobilization theory arose during the 1970s as a response to the shortcomings of collective behaviour theory. It held that in contentious collective action, passion gave way to rational calculation, and the collective good acquiesced to individual gain as mobilizing factors. Thus, activism relied on the ability of social movements to muster resources and engage in planned, rational action11. In this analysis , activists were not considered under the sway of sentiments, emotions, and ideologies that direct his or her action rather, collective behaviour should be understood in terms of the logic of costs and benefits as well as opportunities for action Proponents of this model argued that increased in the flesh(predicate) resources, the professionalization of activism and the availability of external financial support could adequately account for contentious collective action. The focus, therefore, was on resource aggregation, and facilitation by social movement organizations (SMOs), formal or professional organizations that identify their goals with those of a social movement. In contrast to collective behaviour theory, which focused on why collective action occurred, resource mobilization theory attempted to answer the persistent question of how social movements organized and mobilized.Political Process TheoryThe political process model developed as an alternative to resource mobiliza tion theory. Here, the success or failure of social movements depended on political opportunities created by ruptures in the institutional structure and the ideology of power-holders12. Three essential dowers comprise this theory. The first demarks the political structure as an external factor not under the direct control of challengers, but critical to a movements success. The second is an internal factor the organizational strength of activists, the product of interaction between movement members, leaders and incentives. The final component is McAdams13cognitive liberation, or a change in group consciousness whereby potential owners see the existing social order not only as illegitimate, but also as subject to change through their own direct efforts14. Thus, revolutions owe less to the efforts of insurgents than to the work of trunkic crises which render the existing administration weak and vulnerable to challenge from virtually any quarter.Social Constructionist TheorySocial constructionism approaches collective action as an interactive, symbolically defined and negotiated process among participants, opponents and bystanders15. commutation to this theory is, the concept is of framing, which describes how activists make sense of their social worlds16. Frames constitute shared understandings and identities that generate the trust and cooperation amongst activists necessary for collective action. In the context of social movements, frames honour discontent, identify grievances and assemble the grievances of various groups17. Grievances are framed in three ways. Diagnostic framing identifies a problem as well as a target for action and prognostic framing suggests solutions, including strategies and tactics specific to the target. Together, they mobilize consensus, creating a base from which movements may recruit however, collective action is not the necessary outcome of this process. In order for people to act contentiously, they must have compelling reaso ns to do so. Thus, motivational framing provides inspiration and rationale for action18. new-sprung(prenominal) Social Movement TheoryNSM theorists stressed that social transformation is mediated through culture as well as politics narrowly defined, that the personal and the cultural are as politically real as, and are not reducible to, power struggles in the state and economy19. As Melucci, observes, Conflicts move from the economic-industrial system to the cultural sphere. They focus on personal identity, the time and space of life, and the motivation and codes of daily behaviour20. That is to say, activists in new social movements turned their gaze inward, direction on issues as they affected their personal lives, and pursuing social change through politicizing culture.Networks TheoryThe concept of networks helps to address the division created by a narrow focus on identity, as mediated through cultural analysis, in social movement theory. According to Castells, New information technologies, by transforming the processes of information processing, act upon all domains of human activity, and make it possible to establish endless connections between different domains, as well as between elements and agents of such activities21. Castells observes that, As people organized meaning around who they were, rather than what they did, the process of globalization relied on increasingly integrated networks of instrumental exchange22. According to Appadurai, the result of globalized communication and mass migration is the creation of diasporic public spheres, phenomena that confound theories that depend on the continued salience of the nation-state as the key arbiter of important social changes23. The electronic revolution has facilitated the globalization of capitalism it has also enabled the globalization of protest, as Dyer-Witheford24observes New information technologies therefore appear not just as instruments for the circulation of commodities, but simultaneousl y as channel for the circulation of struggles. Thus, social movements become increasingly global both in target and in form. The movements that oppose corporate globalization, like the Zapatistas and the Anti-Corporate Globalization Movement (ACGM), are top examples of network-based social movements. My further discussions would primarily be based on this theory of networks in social movements with an emphasis on the rise of social networks in GSMs and their persona in felicitating them.MEDIA AND GSMsIn this part of my paper I would give a brief evolution of media as a tool for social change and would also discuss the use of ICTs in GSMs. I would give some examples of social media and would conclude this part with views of authors and scholars who are divided on the positive and negative role of media in social movements.MEDIA FOR CHANGETRADITIONAL MEDIASoon after the end of World warfare II the importance of mass media like newspapers, radio, cinema and television receiver as a ccelerators in spreading ideas about progress and development began to be recognised. There are numerous examples in history where movements have been influenced by media. The issues at that time were more political than social but slowly, the same process was followed in carrying out social movements. It was already well documented how during War quantify radios and newspapers were used along with televisions to create a public sphere where people shared ideas and issues of common interest in a democracy. How leaders through their mesmerising speeches were able to instil patriotic feeling in their countrymen. These established norms gave way to the use of mass media in different social movements. In the Indian context one can find the use of such means during the Green Revolution, Family planning Communications. In Latin America, Paulo Freire (1971) used it for adult literacy programmes. Even with the advent of the ICTs one can still find that the maximum amount of information dis semination in social movements, even today, is done through these means. May it be an environmental campaign or anti-corruption campaign, this mode still remains a dominant player in social change.NEW MEDIA INTERNETThe battles of Seattle, Washington, Prague and Genoa, with an unforeseen mixture of nationalities and movements, became world news. Interestingly, the new media seemed to play a crucial role in the organization of these global-protests. meshing has been widely used as a tool for social change and social movements in the recent past. I will illustrate some popular examples corroborating my statement.Zapatistas MovementBeginning in 1994, the Zapatistas used the Internet to turn a local anaesthetic dispute over land in Chiapas, Mexico into an international debate over the ill effects of corporate globalization. They incorporated their localized concerns over the implementation of the pairing American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) into an international agenda opposed to glo bal economic policies that usurp national political sovereignty and recolonize debtor nations. The Zapatistas and their supporters universal thus fashioned an ideology that rejected neoliberalism, which for them refers less to policy or theory and more directly to degrading environmental conditions and escalating human rights abuses25. Thus, they used the Internet to weave a new electronic fabric of struggle26to rally support for their revolution throughout Mexico and across the globe.The Anti-Corporate Globalization MovementThe Anti-Corporate Globalization movement built on the foundations laid by the Zapatistas, using the Internet to connect with social arbiter activists around the world, to serve as a forum for breeding and discussion, and to disseminate information unavailable in the corporate mainstream press. The Internet was also critical in the logistical organization of the massive demonstrations against the World Trade memorial tablet (WTO) in Seattle in 1999. This prot est marked the birth of the ACGM, which gathered within its folds other activist movements, organizations and networks. For the first time in living memory, possibly ever, more different grievances and causes were represented under one broad banner social justice. Thus workers walked arm in arm with environmentalists, feminists, human rights workers, farmers, and fair trade advocates. The contend of Seattle marked the beginning of a new form of activism the new communication technology that made the globalization of capital possible also spurred the globalization of protest and facilitated globalization from below. The Internet was instrumental in both shrinking vast geographical distances, and in disseminating a new sort of global consciousness.There was also the increased use of SMSs by the protestors in organizing and carrying out their protests. There were termed as Smart Mobs, though it is still not a major tool of social movement it has had its impact during the 1999 Battle of Seattle, 1992 Critical Mass Bicycle demos of San Francisco and September 2000 protest in Britain over fuel price rise. Many social movements relating to environment, health, etc. have taken post Seattle through use of ICTs, social networking, websites, etc. The Coffee Party on Facebook is one such example of a movement that was initiated and primarily carried out on the social networking site Facebook. Though these developments seem to hold both a bright future for social movements and interesting clock for social movement researchers, nothing assures us that movements always make society more democratic27. Tilly advocates that, technological determinism ought to be avoided and that one should recognize that not all new features of social movements result from technical innovations but most of them from alterations in their social and political contexts28. Relying on ICT services also requires being able to take with their risks and dangers therefore most 21st one C social mo vement activity continues to rely on the local, regional, and national forms of organization that already prevailed during the later 20th century29.HOSTILE MEDIAOne of the first detailed examinations of a social movement protest in the media focused on a mass demonstration held against the Vietnam War in Britain30. The demonstration involved approximately 60,000 protesters, most of who marched peacefully through the streets of London (with an insignificant number of protestors involved in violent actions). However, despite the overpoweringly peaceful nature of the march, the media concentrated most of its coverage on the issue of violence31. There were differences between media outlets in their coverage they were all united by the overall focus on the same limited aspect the issue of violence. The misrepresentation of this massive political rally, and the totality of the negative coverage across all media outlets led the investigators to conclude that such reporting poses extreme problems for democracy, which may only be remedied by some form of institutional rearrangement32.For any social movement to draw beneficial attention to its activities in the mass media, the first barrier it must overcome is the structural constraints of the medium itself. According to Herman and Chomskys33Propaganda Model, there are vanadium filters through which all news must pass, that actively shape the medias content. These are (1) the size, ownership and profit orientation of the media, (2) advertising, (3) sourcing, (4) flak (criticism) and (5) anti-communist ideology, which can be interpreted as keeping the discourse within the boundaries of elite interests. According to Sidney Tarrow, The media are crucial in a social movements efforts to broadcast its demands. But the media are anything but soggy in the framing of activists concerns and events. On the one hand, the media provide a broad base for consensus formation that is difficult for movements to achieve on their own. On the other hand, while the media may not work directly for the ruling class, they certainly do not work for social movements34.CONCLUSIONThe mass media is an important outlet for social movements, where the quality and nature of media coverage strongly influences how they are perceived in the public eye. It is important for social movements, whose transitional and adversarial nature weakens their ability to secure public legitimacy. Their outsider status, along with their usual resource-poor nature, means that traditional avenues of publicity are not easily accessible and forces them to rely on alternative methods to obtain media access. Traditionally, this involves some form of public spectacle like a protest to attract media attention. These activities have become accepted as mechanisms by which social problems are communicated in the public sphere, alongside public opinion polls and elections and they act as vital means by which citizens can signal their discontent35.Key to any social movements eventual success in reforming the current world order is its ability to garner majority support, which is severely restricted by the mass media. Global justice movements profess to want to mobilise entire communities worldwide to enable truly participative decision-making. However, if this is really the case, they need to consider whether the same media system that serves to naturalise and legitimise elite decision-making, can really encourage its antithesis, collective grassroots decision-making. It seems an anathema to even consider that by working on the terms set by the mass media, social movements are actually legitimising and tightening its hegemonic power over society, even while it simultaneously acts to de-legitimise or ignore the global justice movement. Therefore, it is time for social movements to take collective action. To start with, democratic media reform needs to be recast as an end in itself, a public good, not scarcely a means by which each m ovement can get its message out36. In this way, a media reform project can be linked to the wider array of social movements calling for a more equitable and participatory democracy.